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张何朋, 施夏清, 杨明成. 涌现于交叉科学的新方向——活性物质[J]. 物理, 2022, 51(4): 217-227. DOI: 10.7693/wl20220401
引用本文: 张何朋, 施夏清, 杨明成. 涌现于交叉科学的新方向——活性物质[J]. 物理, 2022, 51(4): 217-227. DOI: 10.7693/wl20220401
ZHANG He-Peng, SHI Xia-Qing, YANG Ming-Cheng. An emerging interdisciplinary research direction——Active matter[J]. PHYSICS, 2022, 51(4): 217-227. DOI: 10.7693/wl20220401
Citation: ZHANG He-Peng, SHI Xia-Qing, YANG Ming-Cheng. An emerging interdisciplinary research direction——Active matter[J]. PHYSICS, 2022, 51(4): 217-227. DOI: 10.7693/wl20220401

涌现于交叉科学的新方向——活性物质

An emerging interdisciplinary research direction——Active matter

  • 摘要: 活性物质是一类由自驱动个体组成的非平衡系统,存在于从宏观到微观的各个尺度,典型例子包括动物群落、细胞组织、微纳米机器、分子马达等。活性物质的组成个体可以通过消耗局域存储的自由能打破细致平衡、实现自驱动运动,同时通过相互作用形成众多的集体行为,比如自发流动、无序—有序相变、运动的拓扑缺陷等。文章聚焦活性物质的集体行为,从理论和实验的角度揭示这些行为的形成机制和非平衡特征,并讨论活性物质研究在生物、数学和工程等学科中的影响和可能应用。

     

    Abstract: Active matter is a novel class of nonequilibrium systems composed of autonomous constituents, which can consume locally stored free energy to achieve selfpropelled motion. Examples of active matter can be found at diverse length scales,from animal groups to cell colonies and tissues to in vitro cytoskeletal extracts and manmade microscopic motors. Energy input at the level of the individual constituents drives active matter systems out of thermal equilibrium and leads to a wide range of collective phenomena. Here,we review, from both theoretical and experimental perspectives,some of these intriguing phenomena in active matter,including collective migration,spontaneous flow,motile topological defects and various phase transitions. Applications of active matter research in biology,mathematics, and engineering will also be discussed.

     

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