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非平衡态超均匀流体——一种新的物态

Non-equilibrium hyperuniform fluids——A new state of matter

  • 摘要: 无序超均匀结构是一类独特的物质状态,整体表现为无序,但其在大尺度上的密度涨落却像晶体或准晶一样受到显著抑制,同时又不具备任何长程取向有序。近年来,这种独特的结构在多个自然体系中被广泛发现。随着研究的深入,科学家们逐渐认识到,超均匀性不仅与非平衡统计物理中的诸多关键性质密切相关,还可以通过合理设计在人造非平衡体系中实现。由于同时兼具无序性与大尺度有序性的特点,超均匀结构在材料科学、光学等领域展现出广泛的潜在应用前景,推动其成为一个新兴的跨学科研究热点。文章将回顾该领域近年来的重要进展,重点介绍几类典型非平衡体系中出现的动态超均匀结构,包括吸收态相变临界点附近的临界超均匀性、非平衡流体中的超均匀态,以及活性物质和生物系统中形成的超均匀结构等。

     

    Abstract: Disordered hyperuniform structures are a unique state of matter that exhibit significantly suppressed density fluctuations at large length scales similar to those found in crystals or quasicrystals yet without any long-range orientational order. In recent years, this exotic state has been widely observed in a variety of natural systems. Moreover, scientists have recognized that hyperuniformity is closely related to the fascinating mechanics of nonequilibrium statistical physics, which can also be realized in many nonequilibrium systems. Displaying coexistence of local structural randomness and large-scale fluctuation suppression, this structure holds great potential for applications in materials science, optics, and related fields, driving hyperuniformity to emerge as a novel interdisciplinary research frontier. This article reviews recent key developments in the field, with a focus on dynamic hyperuniform structures found in several representative nonequilibrium systems, including hyperuniform structure near critical points of absorbing phase transitions, nonequilibrium hyperuniform fluids, and hyperuniform structures formed in active matter and biological systems.

     

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