Abstract: In the era of big data, the exponential growth of digital data has created an urgent demand for storage technologies that offer large capacity, low energy consumption, high reliability, and cost-effectiveness. Currently, negative-AND Flash, hard disk drives, and magnetic tape form a hierarchical architecture in modern storage systems, where magnetic storage technologies of hard disk drives and tapes remain the preferred solutions for warm and cold data storage. Based on a comparative analysis of current primary data storage solutions, this paper provides a detailed introduction to the physical mechanisms of magnetic recording media and the principles of magnetic storage technology. It further focuses on analyzing the principles of magnetic tape storage for long-term backup and archiving of massive data, as well as the most recent research on the new generation of ultra-high-density tape recording media, such as M-type hexaferrite (Ba, Sr) Fe₁₂O₁₉ and orthorhombic ε-Fe₂O₃.